Extraterrestrial Civilizations
Jodie Foster
8 in. x 10 in.
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Celebrity Jodie Foster has recently donated money for the SETI project. Jodie Foster – L.A. Times
Using the Drake equation calculate the number of intelligent extraterrestrial civilizations with which we might be able communicate. If there are really this many civilizations out there, when do you think we will contact one? How many years do you think our civilization will survive?
The premise for this is flawed. Some one (Drake) is under the assumption that an ET civilization will somehow send out a homing beacon for us to pick up. The other assumption is that these ET civilizations will somehow use radio frequencies the same way we do. The radio beam theory states that somehow the carrier wave in an AM Modulation system will somehow be used to either contact us directly or that the signal will leak in our direction. No credence is give that an ET civilization instead of sending Passive Aggressive beam communication that instead they might simply beam their ships around the galaxy or directly here. The SETI programs instead create somewhat of a circular argument that we chase our tails looking for their Citizens Band hailing frequency. The idea of a superluminal carrier wave is never considered by any one in these discussions. A superluminal wave is based upon a carrier wave, and a signal riding on the crests of the carrier wave thereby surpassing the speed of light. These superluminal techniques could either beam a signal or modulated matter in a direction. The idea that contact will begin in the future according to the Drake equation creates an assumption that there has been no contact already, or that radio communications are used in a certain way.
Drake equations assumptions based upon my research.
Logical Premises
The most common element in the universe is Hydrogen, and can bee seen in the night sky in all of the billions of uncountable stars. It is element number one, on the periodic table of elements. This element forms water by simple oxidation. Water is found in every planet in our solar system, confirmed by many telescopic observations. It is known that water is necessary for life in the universe. With these facts life as we know it based upon water should be everywhere#
Organic molecules have been found in meteorites. Organic molecules have been observed on the planet Neptune, Mars and a moon of Saturn in our solar system. Organic molecules are very common in the Universe#.
Clouds of Amino Acids have been confirmed in space by telescopic observation. Amino Acids are the building blocks of protein chains and the R.N.A. sequencing of proteins, as well as the basis of D.N.A. itself. These chemicals are made from the element Carbon, and are also very common in the Universe. Carbon based organic molecules, and Amino Acids are confirmed many times in space by astronomy#.
Unknown fossils of life not from Earth were found, and cataloged, and taxonomy started based upon the data in the 1800′s. These fossils, were the first confirmation of extraterrestrial life discovered. They were found in Meteorites in new explorations and filed in University archives. Extraterrestrial life in the form of fossils has been cataloged since the 1800′s #.
Our civilization has already produced an accidental aircraft that left the solar system and may have been the basis for contacts to begin with E.T.s #. A manhole cover was photographed going 67.56Km/ Second (after a nuclear test explosion), where the escape velocity of the Solar System is 35 Km/ Second. The man hole cover launched in 1957 left the solar system in 1961 going 2% the speed of light! Our history in this is actually sending flying disks like saucers going out of our own solar system.
These factors are what I considered when calculating the Drake equation in that I do not agree with this assessment in the first place. I do not know what form of the equation that I would use or that I would use this equation at all or what equation that I would come up with. however:
The Drake equation: Nc = N^1 * Fp * Nlz * FL * FI * Fs
N^1 – Number of stars in the Galaxy.
Fp – Fraction of stars with planets (I agree about the number for optimistic). I think that even binary stars have lots of planets, so my actual number would be higher.
Nlz – Number of planets per star that lie in the life zone for longer than 4 billion years. Here I think that three planets at least have the ability to sustain life here in our solar system, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Mars has temperatures like that on Earth for a tall mountain and Venus has an atmosphere that may be teraformed.
Fl – Fraction of suitable planets on which life begins.
FI – Fraction of planets where Intelligence forms.
FS – The most important factor is FS, the fraction of a star’s lifetime during which a civilization is alive and transmitting. Our civilization as an example 100,000 years from the times of the unification of Egypt/ divided by the age of the Sun (10 billion years).
Nc = 2e11 * 0.5 * 3 * 3 * 3 * 1e-5
Nc = 27 Million Systems with intelligent life transmitting signals
1. According to the Drake equation there should be 27 Million Extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy. This would correspond to amino acids found in space, and organic matter found in meteorites. Life should be under every rock in the galaxy.
2. Based on the fact that there were batteries found in ancient Egyptian excavations, our total civilization should be around 100,000 years old. The elite members of these societies have claimed to be in contact with gods from outer space a premise still maintained to this day by every religious order on earth. Therefore: our technological civilization has lasted at least as long as the civilization of ancient Egypt. I think that our civilization starting with the oldest written texts will go on until there are no places to live in the entire universe.
3. I think that contact has already begun with extraterrestrials based upon the results of the Drake equation, and the amount of religious texts that claim as much. We have also already launched a flying disk out of our solar system a virtual red flare in the cosmos, a crazy beacon telling of our technological prowess. The Drake equation would indicate that life is plentiful.
Notes
First Sign of Water Found on an Alien World
NewScientist.com news service Updated 22:05 11 April 2007
David Shiga
Water has been detected in the atmosphere of an alien world for the first time, a new analysis of Hubble Space Telescope data suggests. Some scientists applaud the result – which had been predicted theoretically but not observed in previous studies, while others say the apparent water signal may simply be instrumental noise.The planet, called HD 209458b, is about 70% as massive as Jupiter and is scorched by the heat of its parent star, which it orbits 9 times as close as Mercury does to the Sun. Because it is one of a small number of extrasolar planets observed to pass directly in front of and behind their parent stars as seen from Earth, astronomers have been able to glean a lot of information – such as its size and mass – about the distant world. In February, researchers using the infrared-sensitive Spitzer Space Telescope announced that there was no sign of water vapour in its atmosphere. Since the molecule is expected to be abundant in the atmospheres of extrasolar planets, some speculated that the water signal was obscured by a dusty haze.Now, Hubble observations seem to have revealed the missing water. Travis Barman of Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, US, did a computer analysis of previously obtained Hubble data taken when the planet partially eclipsed its parent star.Filtered starlightThe amount of light blocked during these eclipses was previously used to precisely determine the planet’s radius, which is about 30% greater than that of Jupiter.Hubble observed light from the host star that had filtered through the outer reaches of the planet’s atmosphere. Because of its specific chemical composition, the atmosphere is more transparent at some wavelengths than others.Barman found clues to this composition by making different models of the atmosphere, each with a different chemical makeup, and seeing which fit the observations best.Inhospitable worldHe says the relatively small amount of light filtering through at about 0.9 microns suggests the presence of water, which absorbs light at this wavelength.”To me, that’s a clear indication that water is there,” Barman told New Scientist. “I think this is the first time we’ve had strong evidence that there’s water in at least one extrasolar planet.”But despite the presence of water, he points out that the planet’s prevailing temperatures of about 1000° Celsius mean conditions would not be favourable to life. “It’s not a place you or I would want to visit,” he says.Uniform temperatureMark Swain, a member of one of the two Spitzer teams that found no evidence of water and a scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, says the new result may shed light on the planet’s temperature.In order for Spitzer to detect water molecules by the way they absorb light, the planet’s interior has to be hotter than its upper atmosphere. If the planet has a relatively uniform temperature throughout, however, that – and not the obscuration by dusty clouds – could explain the lack of a water detection by Spitzer. “It’s certainly an interesting result,” he told New Scientist. “These planets have been surprising us all along.”Instrumental noiseDrake Deming of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, who is a member of the other Spitzer team, is also impressed with the results. “He’s certainly shown that it’s a better fit with water absorption than without,” he told New Scientist. “I think even the most sceptical person would say that.”But David Charbonneau of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, who is a member of the team that originally obtained the Hubble data used by Barman, says the effect seen is small enough that it could simply be the result of noise in Hubble’s instruments.”Since we can’t rule out an instrumental origin for these variations, it may be premature to interpret them as arising from molecules in the planetary atmosphere,” he says.
Biological Materials In Meteorites: A Review
Science,151:157-166, 1966.
Urey, Harold C. …as briefly reviewed above, strongly suggest that biogenic materials exists in these meteorites and that it may be indigenous.
Amino acid found in deep space
18 July 2002
Rachel Nowak
An amino acid, one of the building blocks of life, has been spotted in deep space. If the find stands up to scrutiny, it means that the sorts of chemistry needed to create life are not unique to Earth verifying one of astrobiology’s cherished theories.This would add weight to ideas that life exists on other planets, and even that molecules from outer space kick-started life on Earth.Over 130 molecules have been identified in interstellar space so far, including sugars and ethanol. But amino acids are a particularly important find because they link up to form proteins, the molecules that run, and to a large extent make up our cells. Back in 1994, a team led by astronomer Lewis Snyder of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign announced preliminary evidence of the simplest type of amino acid, glycine, but the finding did not stand up to closer examination (New Scientist magazine, 11 June 1994, p 4).Now Snyder and Yi-Jehng Kuan of the National Taiwan Normal University say they really have found glycine. “We’re more confident [this time],” says Kuan. “We have strong evidence that glycine exists in interstellar space.”Huge blobsThe researchers monitored radio waves for the spectral lines characteristic of glycine. They studied emissions from more locations than before – giant molecular clouds, huge blobs of gas and dust grains. They have also identified 10 spectral lines at each location that correspond to the lines created by glycine in the lab; before they had just two.The discovery of glycine supports recent lab-based simulations of deep space, which show that ices containing simple organic matter could form. When researchers bathe those ices in ultraviolet light, amino acids are created.”Glycine is the holy grail,” says Jill Tarter, director of the Centre for SETI Research at the SETI Institute in Mountain View. “Let’s hope they’ve got it this time.” The new research was presented at the Bioastronomy 2002 meeting, held on Hamilton Island, Queensland between 8 and 12 July (http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2558).
Meteorites And Planetary Organic Matter
Observatory, 82:216-218, 1962.
Briggs, Michael H….the recent discovery of petroleum-like hydrocarbons within carbonaceous meteorites has raised an interesting problem. Either the meteorite hydrocarbons are part of the remains of an extra-terrestrial life-form, or they are abiotic compounds formed in space. …raises the question of whether any of the organic constituents of terrestrial petroleum are compounds brought to earth by meteorites.
The Thunderwell Story
The February/March 1992 issue of Air & Space magazine, published by the Smithsonian, contained an article about nuclear rocket propulsion:
Overachiever
“Every kid who has put a firecracker under a tin can understands the principle of using high explosives to loft an object into space. What was novel to scientists at Los Alamos [the atomic laboratory in New Mexico] was the idea of using an atomic bomb as propellant. That strategy was the serendipitous result of an experiment that had gone somewhat awry. “Project Thunderwell was the inspiration of astrophysicist Bob Brownlee, who in the summer of 1957 was faced with the problem of containing underground an explosion, expected to be equivalent to a few hundred tons of dynamite. Brownlee put the bomb at the bottom of a 500-foot vertical tunnel in the Nevada desert, sealing the opening with a four-inch thick steel plate weighing several hundred pounds. He knew the lid would be blown off; he didn’t know exactly how fast. High-speed cameras caught the giant manhole cover as it began its unscheduled flight into history. Based upon his calculations and the evidence from the cameras, Brownlee estimated that the steel plate was traveling at a velocity six times that needed to escape Earth’s gravity when it soared into the flawless blue Nevada sky. ‘We never found it. It was gone,’ Brownlee says, a touch of awe in his voice almost 35 years later. “The following October the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, billed as the first man-made object in Earth orbit. Brownlee has never publicly challenged the Soviet’s claim. But he has his doubts.”
